Experiments
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Ancient & Modern Instruments
Explore slow, elegant visual guides to classic experiments and instruments — from Ohm’s Law to ancient yantras and precision measuring tools. Use the buttons to jump directly into Experiments or Instruments.
Experiments
Ohm’s Law · Specific Resistance
Instruments
Yasti · Vernier · Dhanur
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Yasti Yantra – An Ancient Astronomical Instrument
Origin & Creator:
Attributed to Aryabhata, the renowned Indian mathematician and astronomer (5th century CE). Name derived from Sanskrit: “Yasti” = stick/rod, “Yantra” = instrument/device.
Basic Design & Structure:
A simple vertical stick fixed on a horizontal base. Functions on the principle of a gnomon (shadow-measuring device).
Working Principle:
Measures the Sun’s shadow length and angle. Used to determine time of day, latitude, and Sun’s declination.
Applications in Ancient Times:
Calendar-making and predicting solstices and equinoxes. Agricultural planning based on seasonal cycles. Religious rituals dependent on precise timekeeping.
Scientific Significance:
Laid the foundation for Indian trigonometry and spherical astronomy. Provided observational data for Aryabhata’s astronomical tables. Influenced timekeeping methods in India for centuries.
Historical Influence & Legacy:
Inspired later instruments like Jantar Mantar. Marked a shift toward systematic scientific measurement. Symbol of ancient India’s mathematical ingenuity.
Vernier Caliper
Information / History:
Invented by French mathematician Pierre Vernier in 1631. Created to record precise data with accuracy up to 0.01 cm. Originally developed for angle-measuring instruments before adaptation as handheld calipers.
Construction of Vernier Caliper:
Main Scale, Vernier Scale, Outer Jaws (external measurements), Inner Jaws (internal), Depth Rod, Retainer/Locking Screw, Fine Adjustment.
How to use:
(Tutorial link) — A recommended video: YouTube: Vernier Caliper tutorial
Applications:
- Measuring parts precisely for manufacturing.
- Verifying specifications and quality control.
- Jewelry making and student research (e.g., noodle diameter, chip thickness).
Micrometer
Information / History:
Invented by William Gascoigne (1638); precision up to 0.001 cm. James Watt and later inventors improved compact forms; Jean Laurent's 1848 patent shaped modern designs.
Construction:
Frame (C-shaped), Anvil, Spindle, Precision Screw & Nut, Sleeve/Barrel, Thimble, Locknut, Ratchet stop for consistent pressure.
How to use:
(Tutorial link) — Try: YouTube: Micrometer tutorial
Applications:
- Engineering: measuring bolts, rods, threads
- Medical/dental/optical precision work
- Industrial & scientific measurement of tiny dimensions
Sources: Wikipedia, Britannica, Byju’s (illustrative)
Dhanur Yantra
Introduction:
Dhanur Yantra is a sacred geometric design inspired by the shape of a bow. It symbolizes focus, discipline, and inner strength — the still, drawn moment before action.
Background:
Originated in medieval India as both a spiritual and scientific tool. Used in ancient Indian astronomy to measure celestial altitudes and determine seasons; aligned toward true south when used for observation.
Structure & Symbolism:
Graceful bow-like curves, a central bindu (focus), arrow-like elements representing clarity, symmetry reflecting balance between movement & stillness. Associated with divine archers like Lord Rama and Shiva.
Uses & Practices:
Meditation, tantric focus practices, honored during Dhanurmasa (mid-Dec to mid-Jan), and used in temple art and crafts.